Financial influence on global risks of zoonotic emerging and re-emerging diseases: an integrative analysis.

BACKGROUND: Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases (EIDs), such as Ebola virus disease and highly pathogenic influenza, are serious threats to human health and wellbeing worldwide. The financial sector has an important, yet often ignored, influence as owners and investors in industries that are associated with anthropogenic land-use changes in ecosystems linked to increased EIDs risks. We aimed to analyse financial influence associated with EIDs risks that are affected by anthropogenic land-use changes. We also aimed to provide empirical assessments of such influence to help guide engagements by governments, private organisations, and non-governmental organisations with the financial sector to advance a planetary health agenda. METHODS: For this integrative analysis, we identified regions in the world where there was evidence of a connection between EIDs and anthropogenic land-use changes between Nov 9, 1999, and Oct 25, 2021, through a targeted literature review of academic literature and grey literature to identify evidence of drivers of anthropogenic land-use change and their association with commodity production in these regions. We only included publications in English that showed a connection between deforestation and the production of one or more commodities. Publications merely describing spatial or temporal land-use change dynamics (eg, a reduction of forest or an increase of palm-oil plantations) were excluded. As we were assessing financial influence on corporate activities through ownership specifically, we focused our analysis on publicly listed companies. Equity data and data about ownership structure were extracted from Orbis, a company information database. We assessed financial influence by identifying financial entities with the largest equity ownership, descriptively mapping transboundary connections between investors and publicly listed companies. FINDINGS: 227 public and private companies operating in five economic sectors (ie, production of palm oil, pulp and wood products, cocoa, soybeans, and beef) between Dec 15, 2020, and March 8, 2021, were identified. Of these 227, 99 (44%) were publicly listed companies, with 2310 unique shareholders. These publicly listed companies operated in six geographical regions, resulting in nine case-study regions. 54 (55%) companies with complete geographical information were included in the countries network. Four financial entities (ie, Dimensional, Vanguard, BlackRock, and Norway's sovereign wealth fund) each had ownership in 39 companies or more in three of the case-study regions (ie, north America, east Asia, and Europe). Four large US-based asset managers (ie, Vanguard, BlackRock, T Rowe Price, and State Street) were the largest owners of publicly listed companies in terms of total equity size, with ownership amounts for these four entities ranging from US$8 billion to $21 billion. The specific patterns of cross-national ownership depended on the region of interest; for example, financial influence on EIDs risks that was associated with commodity production in southeast and east Asia came from not only global asset managers but also Malaysian, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean financial entities. India, Brazil, the USA, Mexico, and Argentina were the countries towards which investments were most directed. INTERPRETATION: Although commodity supply chains and financial markets are highly globalised, a small number of investors and countries could be viewed as disproportionally influential in sectors that increase EIDs risks. Such financial influence could be used to develop and implement effective policies to reduce ecological degradation and mitigate EIDs risks and their effects on population health. FUNDING: Formas and Networks of Financial Rupture-how cascading changes in the climate and ecosystems could impact on the financial sector.

The impact of sustainable public procurement on corporate ESG performance-The Chinese evidence.

Public procurement is an important bridge between public demand and market supply and may affect corporate behavior. However, in the advocacy of sustainable development, the extant research has rarely combined sustainable public procurement (SPP) with corporate ESG performance, to explore whether governments have contributed to the development of sustainable corporate performance through their sustainable procurement activities. This paper fills in the gap by matching the actual implementation of SPP of 42,369 projects in China over 2015~2020 with 20,125 corporate ESG performance data, to analyze the relationship between SPP implementation and corporate ESG performance. The results show that the implementation of SPP has a significant positive impact on corporate ESG performance. Further heterogeneity analysis reveals that the impact is stronger in China's eastern and central regions than in other regions, and corporates at a mature stage are more likely to follow the government sustainable behavior. In addition, the implementation of SPP has a long-term effect on corporate ESG performance. The above findings have important policy implications: firstly, there is a better role for government to play as the "invisible hand", to participate in the market economy; Specifically, SPP policy should be added to government policy tool box to improve corporate ESG performance in addition to disclosure requirement, and the SPP policy employed should in particular attend to the "missing sectors" of sustainability in SPP for the good of corporate ESG; secondly, the government should implement differentiated policies tailored to the region's economic development conditions and corporate development characteristics; thirdly, a long-term evaluation mechanism should be established so that the government can play a more long-term demonstration and leading role.

Health care leaders' perspectives on the business impact of mobile health clinics.

BACKGROUND: By analyzing how health care leaders in the United States view mobile health programs and their impact on the organization's bottom line, this study equips those who currently operate or plan to deploy mobile clinics with a business case framework. Our aim is to understand health care leaders' perspectives about business-related incentives and disincentives for mobile healthcare. METHODS: We conducted 25 semi-structured key informant interviews with U.S. health care leaders to explore their views and experiences related to mobile health care. We used deductive and inductive thematic analysis to identify patterns in the data. An advisory group with expertise in mobile health, health management, and health care finance informed data collection and analysis. RESULTS: In addition to improving health outcomes, mobile clinics can bolster business objectives of health care organizations including those related to budget, business strategy, organizational culture, and health equity. We created a conceptual framework that demonstrates how these factors, supported by community engagement and data, come together to form a business case for mobile health care. DISCUSSION: Our study demonstrates that mobile clinics can contribute to health care organizations' business goals by aligning with broader organizational strategies. The conceptual model provides a guide for aligning mobile clinics' work with business priorities of organizations and funders. CONCLUSIONS: By understanding how health care leaders reconcile the business pressures they face with opportunities to advance health equity using mobile clinics, we can better support the strategic and sustainable expansion of the mobile health sector.

Drug company payments to General Practices in England: Cross-sectional and social network analysis.

Although there has been extensive research on pharmaceutical industry payments to healthcare professionals, healthcare organisations with key roles in health systems have received little attention. We seek to contribute to addressing this gap in research by examining drug company payments to General Practices in England in 2015. We combine a publicly available payments database managed by the pharmaceutical industry with datasets covering key practice characteristics. We find that practices were an important target of company payments, receiving £2,726,018, equivalent to 6.5% of the value of payments to all healthcare organisations in England. Payments to practices were highly concentrated and specific companies were also highly dominant. The top 10 donors and the top 10 recipients amassed 87.9% and 13.6% of the value of payments, respectively. Practices with more patients, a greater proportion of elderly patients, and those in more affluent areas received significantly more payments on average. However, the patterns of payments were similar across England's regions. We also found that company networks-established by making payments to the same practices-were largely dominated by a single company, which was also by far the biggest donor. Greater policy attention is required to the risk of financial dependency and conflicts of interests that might arise from payments to practices and to organisational conflicts of interests more broadly. Our research also demonstrates that the comprehensiveness and quality of payment data disclosed via industry self-regulatory arrangements needs improvement. More interconnectivity between payment data and other datasets is needed to capture company marketing strategies systematically.

Systematic shifts in scaling behavior based on organizational strategy in universities.

To build better theories of cities, companies, and other social institutions such as universities, requires that we understand the tradeoffs and complementarities that exist between their core functions, and that we understand bounds to their growth. Scaling theory has been a powerful tool for addressing such questions in diverse physical, biological and urban systems, revealing systematic quantitative regularities between size and function. Here we apply scaling theory to the social sciences, taking a synoptic view of an entire class of institutions. The United States higher education system serves as an ideal case study, since it includes over 5,800 institutions with shared broad objectives, but ranges in strategy from vocational training to the production of novel research, contains public, nonprofit and for-profit models, and spans sizes from 10 to roughly 100,000 enrolled students. We show that, like organisms, ecosystems and cities, universities and colleges scale in a surprisingly systematic fashion following simple power-law behavior. Comparing seven commonly accepted sectors of higher education organizations, we find distinct regimes of scaling between a school's total enrollment and its expenditures, revenues, graduation rates and economic added value. Our results quantify how each sector leverages specific economies of scale to address distinct priorities. Taken together, the scaling of features within a sector along with the shifts in scaling across sectors implies that there are generic mechanisms and constraints shared by all sectors, which lead to tradeoffs between their different societal functions and roles. We highlight the strong complementarity between public and private research universities, and community and state colleges, that all display superlinear returns to scale. In contrast to the scaling of biological systems, our results highlight that much of the observed scaling behavior is modulated by the particular strategies of organizations rather than an immutable set of constraints.

Firing on all cylinders: Configuring information technology around the constituents of corporate entrepreneurship to outperform in SME sector.

This study has examined how small and medium enterprises (SMEs) may enhance their performance under different settings of information technology (IT) capabilities and corporate entrepreneurship (CE). Established on the dynamic capability view, the researchers have analyzed the connections between IT capabilities and CE, in addition to the performance results of SMEs. The research has explored these novel relationships by utilizing partial least square-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) with a data sample of 447 SMEs of the manufacturing sector in Pakistan. The findings present that IT capabilities positively influence the market and financial performance of SMEs through the mediating role of CE dimensions. The study uniquely determines the mediating role of dimensional effects of corporate entrepreneurship between IT capabilities and performance outcomes of firms. Thus, the study would enable the management of SMEs to realize the potential of IT-related CE dimensions and their use to improve firms' performance.

Socially responsible investing through the equity funds in the global ownership network.

We analyze the connectivity of equity investments to the firms in the global ownership network that are reported as non-compliant with Environment, Social, and Government (ESG) benchmarks. We find that a large number of shareholders have ownership linkages to non-ESG firms, most commonly with three or four degrees of separation. Analyzing the betweenness centrality for shareholders connecting the ultimate owners and non-ESG firms, we find that the investment management companies play important roles in channeling the investment money into non-ESG firms, where largest American asset managers commonly have one to two degrees of separation on their ownership linkages to those problematic firms. Since asset managers collect capital from investors by running the equity funds, we analyze the ownership stakes and the associated voting rights attributable to the equity funds investors. We estimate the distribution of the power of corporate control over non-ESG firms among specific asset managers (such as BlackRock and Fidelity) and among different types of the equity funds (such as mutual funds and exchanged-traded funds), and explores how investing in the equity funds rather than ownership investing may have shifted the distribution of the power to control those non-ESG firms.

Threshold effect of government subsidy, corporate social responsibility and brand value using the data of China's top 500 most valuable brands.

An increasing number of firms have begun to attach importance to corporate social responsibility (CSR) to obtain sustainable strategic advantages in the competitive market. On the basis of nonlinear perspective, panel data of A-share listed companies in the ranking list of China's Top 500 Most Valuable Brands in 2012-2018 and Hansen panel threshold regression technology were adopted. With government subsidy and CSR being threshold variables, the internal mechanism about the influence of government subsidy and CSR on brand value was explored. Results show that the following. (1) CSR has a significantly inverted U-type threshold effect on brand value. (2) Government subsidy facilitates CSR with diminishing marginal utility. (3) When a difference exists in the strength of government subsidy, the influence of CSR on brand value presents a significant N-type law. Furthermore, threshold regression method was used to innovatively explore the complex nonlinear relationship among government subsidy, CSR, and brand value. This relationship has a significantly practical significance for listed firms for weighing the business decisions regarding the input of CSR and brand value, as well as subsidy policies for enterprises by the government.

The process of developing dynamic capabilities: The conceptualization attempt and the results of empirical studies.

While most researchers interested in the concept of dynamic capabilities focus their attention on analyzing how companies transform their resources to compete in their environment, the process of developing dynamic capabilities is treated as a marginal issue. Although the literature suggests various approaches to developing dynamic capabilities, they are formulated in general terms, and doubts can be raised about the links between actions. There is also a lack of empirical research indicating the links between activities in the process of developing dynamic capabilities and their influence on the effectiveness of an organization. The aim of the study is to formulate a proposal for a model of the process of developing dynamic capabilities aimed at increasing the economic effectiveness of a company and to determine the links between the activities in the model. The theoretical contribution of the paper consists in presenting a model of the process of developing dynamic capabilities aimed at increasing the economic effectiveness of the company. The results presented in the paper refer to an empirical examination of the model of developing dynamic capabilities, covering five activities: searching for opportunities; knowledge management and learning; coordination; configuration and reconfiguration; and organizational adaptation. The study also includes an examination of the possible impact the components of the dynamic capabilities building process have on a company's performance. The study uses the survey method and data was obtained from top managers. The conclusion, based on data from 471 Polish companies, was made using structural equation modelling. The results of the empirical research suggest that the individual activities in the process of developing dynamic capabilities are interconnected, and through mutual interactions and couplings, they positively affect the economic effectiveness of an enterprise. The results indicate that searching for opportunities is the precursor, and the main factor influencing the other activities in the process, which suggests that managers should focus on improving activities in this area.

Influence of the enterprise's intelligent performance evaluation model using neural network and genetic algorithm on the performance compensation of the merger and acquisition parties in the commitment period.

The purpose is to study the performance compensation of the bid purchased during the mergers and acquisitions (M&A) process. An intelligent model of enterprise performance appraisal is built to analyze the performances of the acquired enterprises. First, the evaluation indicators of enterprise performance are selected from both financial and non-financial aspects. An enterprise performance appraisal model is established based on the neural networks and optimized by the factor analysis method and Genetic Algorithm (GA). The principal factors affecting enterprise performance are analyzed. Then the M&A parties' performances during the M&A commitment period under the earnings compensation mechanism are analyzed quantitatively. Corresponding hypotheses and evaluation indicators are established. Mean test results and regression analyses demonstrate that the hypotheses proposed are valid under particular circumstances. Introducing the earnings compensation mechanism during the M&A process can improve the enterprise performance effectively so that the earnings forecasted in the commitment period are significantly higher than the historical profitability. Hence, the earnings compensation mechanism plays a positive role in guiding enterprise performance. Comparison with models proposed in previous research reveals that the output error ratio of the designed corporate performance evaluation model is 1.16%, which can effectively evaluate corporate performance. The above results provide a reference for studying the impact of the earnings compensation mechanism on enterprise performance during the M&A process.

Can fund shareholding inhibit insufficient R&D input?--Empirical evidence from Chinese listed companies.

Based on the principal-agent theory and the financial management theory, this study analyzes the impact of fund shareholding on corporate insufficient R&D input, and explores the action mechanism of fund shareholding on corporate innovation activities. The results show that fund shareholding is helpful to inhibit the insufficient R&D input. Moreover, this inhibiting effect is mainly reflected in the case of higher risk of financial failure. The further analyses show that the higher level of marketization strengthens the inhibiting effect of fund shareholding on insufficient R&D input. Finally, it is suggested that fund companies should be encouraged to hold shares of listed companies, and the proposal power of fund companies in the shareholders' meeting should be appropriately enhanced. And it is suggested that the regulators continue to promote the development of securities investment funds, and guide fund shareholding to play an active role in external governance. Also, it is suggested that the regulators promote the process of regional marketization, to strengthen the positive effect of fund shareholding on innovation activities.

Factors associated with neonatal mortality in a tertiary hospital in Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

This study aimed to identify hospital neonatal mortality rate (NMR) and the causes of neonatal deaths, and to understand risk factors associated with neonatal mortality in a national tertiary hospital in Cambodia. The study included all newborn infants, aged 0-28 days old, hospitalized in the Pediatrics department of Khmer-Soviet Friendship Hospital between January 2016 and December 2017. In total, 925 infants were included in the study. The mean gestational age was 35.9 weeks (range, 24-42 weeks). Preterm infants and low birth weight accounted for 47.5% and 56.7%, respectively. With respect to payment methods, the government (53.5%) and non-governmental organizations (NGO) (13.7%) paid the fees as the families were not in a financial position to do so. The hospital NMR at the Pediatrics department was 9.3%. Respiratory distress syndrome (37.2%) was the main cause of deaths followed by hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (31.4%) and neonatal infection (21.0%). Factors associated with neonatal mortality were Apgar score at 5th minute <7 (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.57), payment by the government or NGO (AOR = 11.32), admission due to respiratory distress (AOR = 11.94), and hypothermia on admission (AOR = 9.41). The hospital NMR in the Pediatrics department was 9.3% (95% confidence interval 7.50-11.35) at Khmer-Soviet Friendship Hospital; prematurity and respiratory distress syndrome were the major causes of neonatal mortality. Introducing continuous positive airway pressure machine for respiratory distress syndrome and creating neonatal resuscitation guidelines and preventing hypothermia in delivery rooms are required to reduce the high NMR.

El balanced scorecard en la gestión de salud / The balanced scorecard in health management

El propósito de este estudio consistió en revisar el modelo del Balanced Scorecard y analizar su aplicabilidad como instrumento de gestión en los centros de salud. El tipo de investigación fue de tipo documental, con un diseño no experimental. Para alcanzar el objetivo, se revisaron los postulados teóricos de Kaplan y Norton, así como algunas implementaciones prácticas centradas en este paradigma que fueron desarrolladas en Norteamérica, Europa y Sur América. Los resultados demuestran el alto valor agregado que ofrece el Balanced Scorecard como instrumento de gestión en centros de salud.

The purpose of this study was to review the Balanced Scorecard model and analyze its applicability as a management instrument in health centers. The type of research was documentary, with a non-experimental design. To achieve the objective, the theoretical postulates of Kaplan and Norton were reviewed, as well as some practical implementations focused on this paradigm that were developed in North America, Europe and South America. The results demonstrate the high added value that the Balanced Scorecard offers as a management instrument in health centers.

Wooden breast and white striping: comparative occurrence in three poultry companies / Wooden breast e white striping: ocorrência em três empresas avícolas

To increase the amount of meat produced, researchers have promoted intensive genetic selection for growth rate and muscling and have improved nutrition and management conditions. However, there has been an increase in the number of reports of breast muscle myopathies observed in poultry processing plants, including white striping (WS) and wooden breast (WB). This study aimed to evaluate and to compare the occurrence of WS and WB myopathies in three poultry processing plants and to perform an anatomopathological characterization, including macroscopic and microscopic analyses. A total of 408,334 carcasses were condemned or downgraded due to the presence of WB or WS, which represents 0.73% of the total number of slaughtered animals during the evaluated period. WB was more frequent than WS, but the occurrence of each myopathy varied significantly according to each establishment. WB was more frequent in the establishment which includes only male flocks, an average age of 45 days, and an average live weight of 2775g (B). WS was more frequent in establishment with male, female and mixed flocks, average ages ranging from 41 to 44 days, and average live weight 1731g-2830g (A). It is probably related with specific condition of each poultry company, including genetics, age, nutrition and management conditions. Macroscopically, WB and WS lesions are characterized by hypertrophy and stiffness of the pectoralis major muscle. Under microscopy, the myopathies showed similarities regarding the detected histological abnormalities, characterized by a process of myodegeneration, although the connective tissue infiltrate was more severe in the breasts with WB than in those with WS myopathy. The results found in this study demonstrate that the rates of condemnation for these myopathies are high, vary significantly among the analyzed companies and may cause major economic losses for the productive sector in the region.(AU)

Para melhorar a quantidade de carne produzida, os pesquisadores têm promovido ao longo dos anos uma seleção genética intensiva para a taxa de crescimento e desenvolvimento de músculos, além de melhorias nas condições nutricionais, sanitárias e de manejo. No entanto, houve um aumento no número de relatos de miopatias dos músculos do peito observados em abatedouros-frigoríficos de aves, incluindo white striping (WS) e wooden breast (WB). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de WB e WS em três abatedouros-frigoríficos de aves e realizar uma caracterização anatomopatológica, incluindo análises macroscópicas e microscópicas. Um total de 408.334 carcaças foi condenado (total ou parcialmente) devido à presença WB ou WS, o que representou 0,73% do número total de animais abatidos durante o período avaliado. Apesar de a ocorrência de WB ter sido maior do que a de WS, a frequência de cada uma variou significativamente de acordo com o estabelecimento. WB foi mais frequente no estabelecimento que incluía apenas lotes de machos, com média de 45 dias de idade e peso médio ao abate de 2775g (B). WS foi mais frequente no estabelecimento com lotes de machos, fêmeas e mistos, com idade entre 41 e 44 dias e peso médio ao abate entre 1731g-2830g (A). Isto pode ser justificado por condições específicas de cada empresa, incluindo genética, idade das aves, nutrição e condições de manejo. Macroscopicamente, as lesões de WB e de WS foram caracterizadas principalmente por hipertrofia e rigidez do músculo pectoralis major. À microscopia, ambas as miopatias mostraram semelhanças em relação às anormalidades histológicas detectadas, caracterizadas principalmente por um processo de miodegeneração. Nos músculos apresentando WB, o infiltrado de tecido conjuntivo foi mais intenso quando comparado àqueles com WS. Os resultados encontrados neste trabalho demonstram que os índices de condenação por essas miopatias são altos, variam significativamente entre as empresas analisadas e podem causar grandes perdas econômicas para o setor produtivo da região.(AU)

Factors influencing Australian chiropractors who choose not to join national professional associations: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Professional associations (PAs) are perceived to promote their professions and support their members. Despite these advantages, about 1 in 3 Australian chiropractors choose not to belong to either of the two PAs. Our study had two objectives: 1) to explore the views of non-member chiropractors about PAs in general; 2) seek to understand the motivations of non-member Australian chiropractors about not joining a PA. METHODS: This qualitative descriptive study utilised in-depth semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions for thematic analysis and was conducted from January to April 2020. Nine participants were interviewed before no new themes were articulated. Participants had to be registered chiropractors who had not been members of a PA for at least three years. Recruitment was through a Facebook advertisement and snowball sampling. Interviews were transcribed and imported into NVivo qualitative analysis software, allowing identification of key concepts surrounding non-membership of chiropractic PAs. RESULTS: Five themes were identified. 1) A tarnished image, suggested the profession has a poor standing in the eyes of the public and other health professionals. 2) Not worth the money, expressed the annual membership dues were not viewed as good value for money. 3) Going it alone / what's in it for me? indicated there was no direct benefit or anything deemed essential for practice. 4) Two warring factions, reflected not wanting to be seen to be part of the internal conflict between conservative and evidence-based practitioners. 5) Lack of visibility, described no visible presence or strong communication that clearly displayed the advantages of membership. CONCLUSIONS: Non-members are looking for PAs to enhance the respectability of the profession in a manner that ultimately results in increased patient volume and the provision of readily accessible day-to-day resources and information. These results can inform the construction of a survey for the broader chiropractic non-membership community to confirm and expand upon these findings and potentially improve PAs.

Coletiva de imprensa: anúncios do Governo SP - 02/10/2020

O Governador João Doria anunciou nesta sexta-feira (2) o início da Campanha de Vacinação de Poliomielite e Multivacinação a partir da próxima segunda-feira (5). O objetivo é atualizar a carteirinha de vacinação de crianças e adolescentes entre 0 e 14 anos de idade, reforçando a proteção contra paralisia infantil (polio) nos menores de 5 anos. “É de extrema importância que todos estejam atentos à imunização e façam uso desta facilidade que o Governo do Estado, através da Secretaria de Saúde e das Secretarias Municipais de Saúde, oferecem gratuitamente à população de São Paulo. A vacinação é o meio mais eficaz e seguro de proteção contra doenças graves”, afirmou Doria. Para garantir a prevenção contra a poliomielite, pais ou responsáveis por crianças entre 1 ano a menores de 5 anos deverão levar os pequenos para receber a “gotinha” (vacina oral, VOP). A meta é alcançar cobertura vacinal de 95% de um total de 2,2 milhões de crianças (ou seja, pelo menos 2,1 milhões). A revacinação contribui com a redução do risco de reintrodução do vírus no Brasil – hoje, há circulação no Afeganistão e Paquistão. Simultaneamente, a campanha de multivacinação será focada na atualização de carteiras vacinais de crianças e adolescentes de 0 a 14 anos. A finalidade é que pessoas nessa faixa etária recebam doses de vacinas importantes e que podem estar pendentes, garantindo assim a devida proteção contra vírus que circulam no território. “Estas campanhas foram criadas justamente para incentivar a ida aos postos de saúde e, assim, garantir a proteção adequada”, afirma o Secretário de Estado da Saúde, Jean Gorinchteyn. Os pais ou responsáveis devem levar as crianças a um dos 5 mil postos de saúde localizados nos municípios de SP com a carteira de vacinação em mãos para que um profissional avalie quais doses precisarão ser aplicadas, tanto para eventual situação de atraso, falta ou necessidade de reforço. A medida contribui para melhorar as coberturas vacinais, que têm oscilado nos últimos anos. No total, serão oferecidas 14 tipos de vacinas que protegem contra cerca de 20 doenças: BCG (tuberculose); rotavírus (diarreia); poliomelite oral e intramuscular (paralisia infantil); pentavalente (difteria, tétano, coqueluche, hepatite B, Haemophilus influenza tipo b – Hib); pneumocócica; meningocócica; DTP; tríplice viral (sarampo, caxumba e rubéola); HPV (previne o câncer de colo de útero e verrugas genitais); além das vacinas contra febre amarela, varicela e hepatite A. Além disso, neste ano, também passou a integrar o SUS uma nova vacina, já inserida na campanha: Meningo ACWY, que protege contra meningite e infecções generalizadas, causadas pela bactéria meningococo dos tipos A, C, W e Y. Somando todos os tipos de vacinas, são mais de 5,2 milhões distribuídas nos postos do estado para aplicação na população-alvo. Serão mobilizados cerca de 30 mil profissionais de saúde até o dia 30 de outubro, prazo definido pelo Ministério da Saúde na campanha nacional. O Dia de Mobilização (“Dia D”) será 17 de outubro, com postos abertos no sábado. “A imunização correta garante a proteção contra complicações provocadas por diferentes tipos de vírus e, consequentemente, reduz casos e mortes. As campanhas contribuem para erradicação e para a eliminação do risco de reintrodução de doenças no território”, explica a diretora de Imunização da Secretaria, Núbia Araújo. A tabela completa com relação das vacinas, faixas etárias previstas para receber as doses e dados de cobertura está disponível no link: https://www.saopaulo.sp.gov.br/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/tabelavacinacao.pdf. No geral, são indicadas coberturas vacinais de 90% e 95% para proteção efetiva da população, mas tais índices não têm sido atingidos devido à baixa adesão. Alguns exemplos de cobertura inferior registrada em 2019, conforme dados disponíveis em sistema do PNI (Programa Nacional de Imunizações) são: menincoccócica C (87,28%), pentavalente (71,77%), poliomielite (86,16%), e tríplice viral (91,37% na primeira dose e 82% na segunda dose). Os dados preliminares de 2020, até agosto, indicam a importância de melhorar os índices. “Temos acompanhado os dados da cobertura vacinal em todo o estado e estamos em alerta com os baixos alcances. A Campanha de Multivacinação será um auxílio para aumentarmos a proteção e minimizarmos as chances de que as doenças retornem. Nosso objetivo é que o Estado de São Paulo tenha a maior cobertura vacinal entre os estados do país”, ressalta a coordenadora do Programa Estadual de Vacinação, Helena Sato.

The power of corporate control in the global ownership network.

As passive investment through index funds and Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) has become pervasive, the structure of corporate control in the global capital market is more complex than before. We propose a new model and calculation algorithm to measure a shareholder's power to control corporations in the global economy. Our method takes into account how fragmented voting rights attached to dispersed ownership may be consolidated to generate corporate control. Analyzing the ownership holdings in 49 million companies worldwide by 69 million shareholders in 2016, we find that the landscape of global corporate control appears differently if we adequately evaluate indirect influence via dispersed ownership. In particular, a larger portion of corporate control appears to be concentrated in the hands of sovereign governments than has been recognized before. Yet, such governmental capacities are "hidden" if we use the conventional method. Moreover, financial institutions appear to not be as powerful as emphasized before. These results point to important financial and political risks both for scholars and policymakers.